Botox Helps Migraines "a Little"

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Main Category: Headache / Migraine
Article Date: 25 Apr 2012 - 7:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Botox Helps Migraines "a Little"

Using botulinum toxin A (Botox) injections for chronic migraine sufferers helps them "a little", and does not appear to be the amazing therapy some people believe or claim it to be, researchers from the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee reported in JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association). The authors added that Botox was not better than placebo in preventing chronic-tension-type headaches or episodic migraine.

Botox has been approved for the preventive treatment of chronic migraines by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The researchers wrote, as background information in their article:

"Migraine and tension-type headaches are common. Although up to 42 percent of adults experience tension-type headaches sometime in their life, most do not seek medical advice.

Migraines are less common, with a worldwide prevalence between 8 to 19%, but as associated with greater disability. Migraine headaches are responsible for $1 billion in medical costs and $16 billion in lost productivity per year in the United States alone."

Doctors initially reported improvements in some migraine symptoms among patients who were administered cosmetic Botox injections. This triggered a succession of studies, many of which suggested that Botox injections might benefit individuals suffering from various types of headaches, including migraine.

However, the majority of the reports either had unconvincing evidence regarding Botox's migraine benefits, or contradictory findings.

Jeffrey L. Jackson, M.D., M.P.H. and team set out to determine whether Botox might be useful as a preventative therapy for chronic daily headaches, tension headaches, or migraine in adults. They examined and gathered data on 27 randomized placebo-controlled human studies involving 5,313 adults, as well as four other randomized comparisons using different drugs.

They explained that headaches can be classed as: Episodic - when the sufferer gets up to 15 headaches monthly
Chronic - when the sufferer gets at least 15 headaches monthly (chronic daily headaches, tension headaches, or migraine attacks) They found that those given Botox had moderately fewer monthly headaches - out of 1,115 patients, 2.06 fewer headaches monthly. Chronic migraine attacks among 1,508 patients who received Botox dropped moderately too, by 2.3 headaches per month.

Botox did not, however, reduce the frequency of chronic tension-type headaches among 675 patients, neither did it alter the rate at which 1,835 sufferers of episodic migraine had attacks.

The following possible undesirable side effects were linked to those receiving Botox, when compared to the placebo patients: Drooping of the upper eyelid (blepharoptosis)Neck painStiffness in their necksTightness of the skinTingling, or a prickly sensation (paresthesias)Weakness in musclesBotox was found to be no better than topiramate in reducing headache frequency, or amitriptyline for migraine frequency.

The authors wrote:

"Botulinum toxin A was not associated with a reduction in headache frequency vs. valproate in a study of patients with chronic and episodic migraines (0.84 headaches per month) or in a study of patients with episodic migraines (0.3 headaches per month).

Botulinum toxin A was associated with a greater reduction in average headache severity than methylprednisolone in a single trial among patients experiencing chronic tension-type headaches (-2.5 headaches per month)."

The researchers concluded:

"Our analyses suggest that botulinum toxin A may be associated with improvement in the frequency of chronic migraine and chronic daily headaches, but not with improvement in the frequency of episodic migraine, chronic tension-type headaches, or episodic tension-type headaches.

However, the association of botulinum toxin A with clinical benefit was small. Botulinum toxin A was associated with a reduction in the number of headaches per month from 19.5 to 17.2 for chronic migraine and from 17.5 to 15.4 for chronic daily headaches."

Written by Christian Nordqvist

View drug information on Botox.
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today Visit our headache / migraine section for the latest news on this subject. "Botulinum Toxin A for Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine and Tension Headaches in Adults - A Meta-analysis"
Jeffrey L. Jackson, MD, MPH; Akira Kuriyama, MD; Yasuaki Hayashino, MD, DMSc, MPH
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posted by Ted Helwig on 10 Jul 2012 at 11:34 am

I was given treatment of drugs to help with my severe headaches and not enough relief. I was then injected with Botox, it took deep and shallow injections into the neck muscle plus stretching therapy. I'm so grateful for this treatment.

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'Botox Helps Migraines "a Little"'

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Tell us about your life at the college, and how you deal with your headaches!

As anyone who suffers from migraines, getting things done can witnesses can sometimes be impossible. So what happens if you're a student taking a full-load of courses, work a part-time job, and try to have some semblance of a social life? I've suffered from chronic daily headache (CDH) for over 7 years now, but I can say with confidence that I live as a successful college Junior despite my pain am life. I am not saying that my headaches have disappeared, and I am not saying that the pain does not ever get the best of me. Road to the college, however, has provided me a unique opportunity to take control over my health. Here are some things that I like about my headache in the past two and a half years at the college have discovered:

Migraine attacks are going to happen. And they are likely to happen at the worst possible time. Getting upset and stressed about it is a normal reaction, but it is not going to help anything. Take some medicine, some sleep, and concentrate on getting the cycle. Treat everything as soon as you feel more comfortable.People are more understanding than you might think. Talk to your professors, your roommates, and your employers early on. it is up to you to your college experience as headache-friendly as possible.Don't be afraid to say no. If you are experiencing a migraine attack, it may not be a bad idea to stay in for the night. There will be more parties. You can feel excluded in the moment for not going, but that's better than not being able to get out of bed the next day because you overdid it.Don't be afraid to say Yes. This is college! These four years go by faster than you can think of, and you want to look back on it with no regrets. If you have the anticipation of a headache stop you from diving in to let you all the great opportunities, you will miss college brings in front of you.Remember, you're not alone. I came to college thinking that I had nobody to run here. Ironically, within the first month of school, I had a good friend via my rhetoric class which turned out to be terrible migraine five or six times per month! It was important to know that I had someone to talk to who understood what I was going through. Since then I've meet a handful of other people experiencing the same thing.

Dealing with headache is never an easy thing to do, especially if the hectic life of a college student. All tips and tricks in the world won't change that. But if you take the driver's seat, your college experience doesn't have to be anything less than amazing. So for all you students out there, what is your advice? Tell us about your life at the college, and how you deal with your headaches!

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Symptoms And Severity Of Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Main Category: Vascular
Also Included In: Headache / Migraine;  Stroke
Article Date: 28 Jun 2012 - 1:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Symptoms And Severity Of Fibromuscular Dysplasia

A patient registry is proving invaluable in cataloging the clinical features, symptoms, severity, and outcomes of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), a non-inflammatory vascular disease that can cause narrowing of arteries in the carotid (neck) and renal (kidney) arteries, which can result in headache, strokes, and aneurysms. Registry data revealed that 91 percent of patients are women diagnosed in the prime of their lives. As a result, physicians are developing best practices that can lead to early diagnosis and treatment with the goal of improved outcomes and fewer adverse vascular events. The registry results are published in the print edition of Circulation.

"This is the largest study published to date; most previous studies included single case reports or small case series," says Jeffrey W. Olin, DO, the study's lead investigator, and Professor of Medicine and Director of Vascular Medicine and the Vascular Diagnostic Laboratory at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. "Seventy percent of the people in the registry have high blood pressure, 10 percent have had strokes, and 20 percent have had an aneurysm." Additionally, there was an average delay in diagnosis of approximately four years from the onset of symptoms.

The study reviews the first 447 patients enrolled in the FMD registry at nine centers in the United States, including Mount Sinai. The registry has since grown to nearly 600 patients. Until now, the disease has been considered rare, but Dr. Olin thinks that it is probably much more common, and some experts believe it may affect up to 4-5 percent of the female population.

Signs of FMD that physicians and patients should be attentive to include: high blood pressure in patients under age 35, or uncontrolled high blood pressure at any age; unrelenting headaches; pulsatile tinnitus, where a sound in the ear sounds like a swooshing and occurs with the heartbeat; stroke under age 60; a bruit (abnormal sound when listening with a stethoscope) in the abdomen; a noise in the neck when the doctor listens to it, called carotid bruit, suggesting there is turbulence to blood flow in the artery; a dissection or aneurysm of an artery. A big challenge to diagnosing FMD continues to be that many doctors do not listen to the neck with a stethoscope, says Dr. Olin. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging, such as ultrasound, CT angiography, MR angiography, or catheter-based angiography.

The cause of FMD is unknown. Treatment varies. For example, when FMD results in high blood pressure, percutaneous balloon angioplasty may be performed. For a tear in an artery (dissection), physicians may recommend stenting the affected artery. In some cases, anti-platelet drugs such as aspirin may be used. Still, investigators say more data are needed to understand the cause of the disease and to treat it optimally.

"If the field is to move forward, we urgently need more funding for genetic research into patients affected and other family members," says Dr. Olin.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our vascular section for the latest news on this subject. Other FMD Patient Registry sites include Cleveland Clinic, University of Michigan, Greenville Hospital System, Mayo Clinic, North Central Heart Institute, Ochsner Health System, Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Virginia, University of California Davis, and Baptist Cardiac and Vascular Institute.
The study was funded by the patient advocacy group, the Fibromuscular Dysplasia Society of America (FMDSA), which can be found at http://www.fmdsa.org.
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Study Of Indoor Air Quality Risks In United Arab Emirates Is Culturally Sensitive

Main Category: Water - Air Quality / Agriculture
Also Included In: Respiratory / Asthma;  Headache / Migraine
Article Date: 11 May 2012 - 1:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Study Of Indoor Air Quality Risks In United Arab Emirates Is Culturally Sensitive

The rapid shift from nomadic life to modern-day culture in the United Arab Emirates has exposed residents to significant indoor air quality risks that can lead to respiratory illness, according to a new study from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

With the swift modernization of the country, UAE governmental agencies have not performed the research required to pinpoint health risks, the study reported. The need to develop governmental research capacity makes collaborations with U.S. research teams vital, but the studies must be conducted in a culturally appropriate way.

"This is an important area of investigation, and the UAE is completely under-researched," said Karin Yeatts, Ph.D., lead study author and assistant professor of epidemiology at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. "There are many good scientific questions that need to be answered, and this area of the world is very deserving of science and public health work."

Knowing about indoor air quality risks is important, Yeatts said, because people in the UAE spend 80 percent to 95 percent of their time indoors escaping the high temperatures.

In the study published in May's Environmental Health Perspectives, Yeatts coordinated a research team from UAE and UNC's public health school to test air quality in 628 urban and rural family residences from October 2009 to May 2010. The study reached 1,590 participants, including men, women and children, ages 6 to 18.

Researchers collected data for five air pollutants - sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide - and monitored indoor air quality for one week.

Thirty percent of homes had measurable levels of sulfur dioxide, and 29 percent had quantifiable levels of formaldehyde. For nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, 9 percent and 12 percent of households, respectively, recorded measurable concentrations.

Researchers compared the results to households without significant pollutant levels and discovered family members in homes with measurable sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were twice as likely to have doctor-diagnosed asthma. The team also found an increased prevalence of wheezing, including symptoms that limited speech, with these same pollutants. Neurological difficulties, such as difficulty concentrating, were loosely linked to quantifiable exposure of formaldehyde.

UAE households also were exposed to pollutants not found as frequently in the United States, specifically incense. Roughly 86 percent of UAE homes burn incense at least once a week, and formaldehyde levels are three times higher among those households that do so more frequently. Family members in these homes are more likely to report headaches, forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating.

'Burning incense in this region of the world is an important cultural practice, but I do think there are things people can do to reduce exposure," Yeatts said. "People can reduce their exposure by opening windows, burning incense for a shorter time or burning smaller amounts."

Ultimately, Yeatts said, researchers hope the data collection and analysis will help improve public health knowledge in the UAE and support campaigns to limit exposures and risks associated with indoor air pollutants.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our water - air quality / agriculture section for the latest news on this subject. Yeatts' study was funded by the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi and partially supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
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American Headache Society Scientific Conference Focuses On Traumatic Brain Injury

Main Category: Headache / Migraine
Also Included In: Veterans / Ex-Servicemen;  Sports Medicine / Fitness
Article Date: 21 Jun 2012 - 1:00 PDT Current ratings for:
American Headache Society Scientific Conference Focuses On Traumatic Brain Injury

The impact of traumatic injuries to the brain - whether sustained in combat or on the playing fields of America's schools - is a major topic for international migraine specialists the week of June 18 as they gather in Los Angeles for the 54th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Headache Society. This is among many timely issues concerning headache, migraine, and brain injuries on the four-day agenda here which runs through Sunday morning, June 24.

"As migraine specialists, we cannot ignore the fact that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasingly common medical problem today and that those who experience severe and untreated blows to the brain may end up with serious neurological damage and long-lasting medical and psychological problems," said Elizabeth Loder, MD, MPH, president of the American Headache Society (AHS) and Chief of the Division of Headache and Pain in the Department of Neurology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. "We owe it to our nation's military as well as to our children in contact sports to raise awareness of TBI and make this issue a national health priority."

Dr. Loder cited a 60% increase in emergency room visits by adolescents for sports-related brain injuries over the last decade, as reported by the Centers for Disease Control late last year.

"The rising incidence of these injuries, which may have serious long-term consequences for many young people, is a public health problem of epidemic proportion," she said. "High school and collegiate athletic departments are developing programs to minimize the risks but much more is needed to prevent and recognize severe concussions related to high-impact contact sports. These injuries may result in brain damage that can cause persistent severe headache, emotional problems such as depression and anxiety, sleep disturbances, memory and learning impairment, and even degenerative brain diseases later." The symposium, on June 23, will cover "School Issues with Concussion" and "Post-Concussion Headaches" and include world-renown experts on the subject.

In earlier wars, many TBIs would have been fatal

Modern warfare and high-tech explosives have ushered in a new era of traumatic brain injury among American combat soldiers. The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Centers (DVBIC) estimates there have been more than 178,000 traumatic brain injuries sustained by soldiers in the wars of the last 10 years.

"In earlier wars, such injuries would have been fatal, but now with improvements in protective gear our soldiers are surviving, but often crippled with excruciating headache, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder," said Alan Finkel, MD, who has written widely on the subject. "Today we have bombs that exert 'overpressure' -- waves that come off an explosion at twice the speed of sound and compress everything in their wake without breaching either a soldier's bone or tissue. But the damage they do to the brain is enormous and unprecedented."

Dr. Finkel will chair the AHS session that includes discussion of "Military Traumatic Brain Injuries: Mild, Common, and Unique," "Epidemiology of Military Headache," and "Treating Military Post-Traumatic Headache."

Some 500 of the world's most eminent migraine and headache specialists are expected to attend. This year's theme, "Planting the Seed for Future Headache Research" will spotlight other areas of current basic and clinical research such as the role of the cortex in migraine, the role of imaging in patients with headache, the latest breaking science emerging from the nation's leading scientific laboratories in migraine research, and controversial issues in the diagnosis and management of complex headache disorders.

Migraine is one of the most ancient and mysterious of diseases with many myths and folklores attached to its diagnosis and treatment. Over the last 5,000 years, migraine sufferers subjected themselves to an array of extreme and bizarre treatments to find relief, Dr. Loder, MD, noted. These have included drilling a hole in the skull to let out the "bad humours," bloodletting, sorcery, binding a clay crocodile to the head, and inserting the bones of a vulture into the nose.

Some 36 million Americans suffer from migraine, more than have asthma and diabetes combined. An additional 6 million suffer from chronic migraine, where patients experience at least 15 headache days per month along with other disabling neurological symptoms. Migraine can be extremely disabling and costly - accounting for more than $20 billion each year in the United States. Costs are attributed to direct medical expenses (e.g. doctor visits, medications) and indirect expenses (e.g. missed work, lost productivity).

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
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Porn-Induced Headaches Suffered By Young Man

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Academic Journal
Main Category: Headache / Migraine
Also Included In: Neurology / Neuroscience;  Sexual Health / STDs
Article Date: 30 Jun 2012 - 8:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Porn-Induced Headaches Suffered By Young Man

A single young man who was found to develop severe headaches five minutes into watching pornographic videos has been reported by researchers from India in the journal Archives of Behavior. The 24-year old professional, whose headaches were described as exploding holocranial headaches, had been complaining of porn-linked head pains for over two years, the authors added.

Authors, Kuljeet Singh Anand and Vikas Dhikav, from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India, explained that the patient's headaches would peak within eight to ten minutes into watching a pornographic movie. In most cases, his pain became so intense that he could no longer watch the video. The young man had no history of diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure).

As a means of avoiding the severe headaches, the man started to refrain from watching the videos. He had no symptoms of vomiting, nausea or phonophobia (dislike of loud sounds - classic symptom of migraine). There was no history of any head injury or meningoencephalitis when he was a young child.

The researchers said the patient had never suffered any headaches linked to sexual intercourse or masturbation - his problem only occurred when he watched pornographic videos.

After carrying out a systemic and physical examination of the young man, the authors found "nothing remarkable". There was no family history of migraine, no personal medical history that might be suggestive of migraine, tension type or exertional headache (headache as a result of straining or exertion). MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans of his brain came back normal.

The researchers advised him to take paracetamol (Tylenol, acetaminophen) 500 mg plus ibuprofen 400 mg thirty minutes before watching pornographic videos. The patient reported that this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent combination provided "significant relief".

Kuljeet Singh Anand explained that headaches linked to sexual activity are rare. Sometimes, pre-orgasmic headache may be associated with space-occupying lesions.

What made this case unusual was that the man was getting headaches from watching pornography and not from sexual intercourse or masturbation. He was becoming aroused but experiencing no release - whether this fact might explain the severe headaches, the researchers are not sure.

Approximately 1% of people, most of them men, have sexual-activity linked headaches. Experts believe that simple arousal may, in some people trigger changes in nerve sensitivity, muscle tension and bloodflow in the brain which may alter pain perception.

In most cases, headaches linked to certain activities, such as sex or exercise can be treated with painkillers. Sometimes, however, they may be a sign of a tumor or aneurysm (not the case with this man).

The authors concluded:

"The probable mechanisms behind occurrence of headache in the present case could be alteration of nocioceptive* mechanisms in the trigemino-vascular system with increased pain sensitivity associated with a heightened emotional state associated with viewing pornorgraphy."

* ("nocioception" refers to the neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli)

The trigeminovascular system is made up of neurons in the tregeminal nerve that supply the blood vessels in the brain with nerves. Some experts believe that the trigeminovascular system may play a role in some types of headaches.

Head deep facial and trigeminal nerves

Written by Christian Nordqvist
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today

Visit our headache / migraine section for the latest news on this subject. "Headaches Induced by Pornography Use"
Kuljeet Singh Anand and Vikas Dhikav
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posted by Jenny Hutchings on 3 Jul 2012 at 6:05 am

The original article was published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior and written by Kuljeet Singh Anand and Vikas Dhikav as shown in the references tab under the article. Christian Nordqvist is our head editor and simply reported on the study.

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posted by Su Su on 3 Jul 2012 at 5:52 am

This study was done on 1 or 2 people and written by a man named "Christian". What a joke! The brain in this person must have been smarter than he is. Then they said to take aspirn so you can watch that dirty stuff. Read the Bible there are no headaches there.

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posted by Memphis Eddy on 30 Jun 2012 at 8:26 am

I like it!
College of Medicine study porn related illness.
Old hip is turning over in his grave!
I like it!

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'Porn-Induced Headaches Suffered By Young Man'

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Our Moods Affected By Even Mild Dehydration

Main Category: Nutrition / Diet
Also Included In: Headache / Migraine;  Anxiety / Stress
Article Date: 21 Feb 2012 - 0:00 PDT Current ratings for:
Our Moods Affected By Even Mild Dehydration

Most people only think about drinking water when they are thirsty; but by then it may already be too late.

Even mild dehydration can alter a person's mood, energy level, and ability to think clearly, according to two studies recently conducted at the University of Connecticut's Human Performance Laboratory.

The tests showed that it didn't matter if a person had just walked for 40 minutes on a treadmill or was sitting at rest - the adverse effects from mild dehydration were the same. Mild dehydration is defined as an approximately 1.5 percent loss in normal water volume in the body.

The test results affirm the importance of staying properly hydrated at all times and not just during exercise, extreme heat, or exertion, says Lawrence E. Armstrong, one of the studies' lead scientists and a professor of physiology in UConn's Department of Kinesiology in the Neag School of Education.

"Our thirst sensation doesn't really appear until we are 1 [percent] or 2 percent dehydrated. By then dehydration is already setting in and starting to impact how our mind and body perform," says Armstrong, an international expert on hydration who has conducted research in the field for more than 20 years. "Dehydration affects all people, and staying properly hydrated is just as important for those who work all day at a computer as it is for marathon runners, who can lose up to 8 percent of their body weight as water when they compete."

Separate groups of young women and men were tested. Twenty-five women took part in one study. Their average age was 23. The men's group consisted of 26 men with an average age of 20. All of the participants were healthy, active individuals, who were neither high-performance athletes nor sedentary - typically exercising for 30 to 60 minutes per day.

Each participant took part in three evaluations that were separated by 28 days. All of the participants walked on a treadmill to induce dehydration, and all of the subjects were hydrated the evening before the evaluations commenced. As part of the evaluation, the subjects were put through a battery of cognitive tests that measured vigilance, concentration, reaction time, learning, memory, and reasoning. The results were compared against a separate series of tests when the individuals were not dehydrated.

In the tests involving the young women, mild dehydration caused headaches, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating, according to one of the studies, which appears in the February issue of The Journal of Nutrition. The female subjects also perceived tasks as more difficult when slightly dehydrated, although there was no substantive reduction in their cognitive abilities.

In the tests involving the young men, mild dehydration caused some difficulty with mental tasks, particularly in the areas of vigilance and working memory, according to the results of the second UConn study. While the young men also experienced fatigue, tension, and anxiety when mildly dehydrated, adverse changes in mood and symptoms were "substantially greater in females than in males, both at rest and during exercise," according to the study. The men's study was published in the British Journal of Nutrition in November 2011.

"Even mild dehydration that can occur during the course of our ordinary daily activities can degrade how we are feeling - especially for women, who appear to be more susceptible to the adverse effects of low levels of dehydration than men," says Harris Lieberman, one of the studies' co-authors and a research psychologist with the Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine in Natick, Mass. "In both sexes these adverse mood changes may limit the motivation required to engage in even moderate aerobic exercise. Mild dehydration may also interfere with other daily activities, even when there is no physical demand component present."

Why women and men are so adversely affected by mild dehydration is unclear, and more research is necessary. But other research has shown that neurons in the brain detect dehydration and may signal other parts of the brain regulating mood when dehydration occurs. This process could be part of an ancient warning system protecting humans from more dire consequences, and alerting them to the need for water to survive.

In order to stay properly hydrated, experts like Armstrong recommend that individuals drink eight, 8-ounce glasses of water a day, which is approximately equivalent to about 2 liters of water. People can check their hydration status by monitoring the color of their urine. Urine should be a very pale yellow in individuals who are properly hydrated. Urine that is dark yellow or tan in color indicates greater dehydration. Proper hydration is particularly important for high-risk groups, such as the elderly, people with diabetes, and children.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our nutrition / diet section for the latest news on this subject. The dehydration studies were supported by Danone Research of France and were conducted in partnership with the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, University of Arkansas, and Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital's Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine in Dallas, Texas. UConn professor Douglas Casa, adjunct assistant professor Elaine Lee, and members of the graduate student team at UConn's Korey Stringer Institute for the prevention of sudden death in sport helped gather data for the two studies.
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